The .ccg file for this grammar fragment of Esperanto can be found here:
:openccg:grammars:esperanto.ccg.txt.
To use it, just remove the .txt extension from the end of the filename, making it esperanto.ccg
Esperanto is a constructed language created in the late 19th century by Dr. L.L. Zamenhof. It was designed to have a logical case system and a small lexicon that would make it easy to learn by speakers of many different languages. To keep the lexicon small, the language was designed to be agglutinating and a set of affixes were created to easily extend the relatively small lexicon of around 900 words. Since then the lexicon has undergone significant growth, due mainly to an influx of loan words from other languages.
Although the order of words within a phrase is relatively fixed, the order of those phrases within the sentence is for the most part not fixed. For example, all of these sentences have the same meaning: “My father is in Paris.”
Verb Endings:
Noun/Adjective/Adverb Endings:
Note: The plural ending always comes after the part of speech ending, and the accusative ending always comes after the plural ending
Thanks to this very simple morphology, I was able to make heavy use of expansions in my grammar. There are expansions for nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs that take a stem and a predicate and produce all of the inflected forms for those parts of speech. On top of that there is an “idea” expansion which takes a stem and predicate and produces a noun, an adjective, an adverb, and a verb from that stem. This happens with stems like “rapid-”, meaning “rapid, with speed”.
Example derivation of rapid-:
This grammar can parse:
It also enforces noun/adjective agreement, and handles all possible word ordering.
The following phrases are correctly deemed grammatical:
The following sentences are correctly deemed ungrammatical: